计算属性 | Computed Properties ​

基础示例 | Basic Example ​

In-template expressions are very convenient, but they are meant for simple operations. Putting too much logic in your templates can make them bloated and hard to maintain. For example, if we have an object with a nested array:

模板中的表达式虽然方便，但也只能用来做简单的操作。如果在模板中写太多逻辑，会让模板变得臃肿，难以维护。比如说，我们有这样一个包含嵌套数组的对象：

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      author: {
        name: 'John Doe',
        books: [
          'Vue 2 - Advanced Guide',
          'Vue 3 - Basic Guide',
          'Vue 4 - The Mystery'
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

const author = reactive({
  name: 'John Doe',
  books: [
    'Vue 2 - Advanced Guide',
    'Vue 3 - Basic Guide',
    'Vue 4 - The Mystery'
  ]
})

And we want to display different messages depending on if author already has some books or not:

我们想根据 author 是否已有一些书籍来展示不同的信息：

<p>Has published books:</p>
<span>{{ author.books.length > 0 ? 'Yes' : 'No' }}</span>

At this point, the template is getting a bit cluttered. We have to look at it for a second before realizing that it performs a calculation depending on author.books. More importantly, we probably don't want to repeat ourselves if we need to include this calculation in the template more than once.

这里的模板看起来有些复杂。我们必须认真看好一会儿才能明白它的计算依赖于 author.books。更重要的是，如果在模板中需要不止一次这样的计算，我们可不想将这样的代码在模板里重复好多遍。

That's why for complex logic that includes reactive data, it is recommended to use a computed property. Here's the same example, refactored:

因此我们推荐使用计算属性来描述依赖响应式状态的复杂逻辑。这是重构后的示例：

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      author: {
        name: 'John Doe',
        books: [
          'Vue 2 - Advanced Guide',
          'Vue 3 - Basic Guide',
          'Vue 4 - The Mystery'
        ]
      }
    }
  },
  computed: {
    // a computed getter
    // 一个计算属性的 getter
    publishedBooksMessage() {
      // `this` points to the component instance
      // `this` 指向当前组件实例
      return this.author.books.length > 0 ? 'Yes' : 'No'
    }
  }
}

<p>Has published books:</p>
<span>{{ publishedBooksMessage }}</span>

<script setup>
import { reactive, computed } from 'vue'

const author = reactive({
  name: 'John Doe',
  books: [
    'Vue 2 - Advanced Guide',
    'Vue 3 - Basic Guide',
    'Vue 4 - The Mystery'
  ]
})

// a computed ref
// 一个计算属性 ref
const publishedBooksMessage = computed(() => {
  return author.books.length > 0 ? 'Yes' : 'No'
})
</script>

<template>
  <p>Has published books:</p>
  <span>{{ publishedBooksMessage }}</span>
</template>

计算属性缓存 vs 方法 | Computed Caching vs. Methods ​

You may have noticed we can achieve the same result by invoking a method in the expression:

你可能注意到我们在表达式中像这样调用一个函数也会获得和计算属性相同的结果：

<p>{{ calculateBooksMessage() }}</p>

// in component
// 组件中
methods: {
  calculateBooksMessage() {
    return this.author.books.length > 0 ? 'Yes' : 'No'
  }
}

// in component
// 组件中
function calculateBooksMessage() {
  return author.books.length > 0 ? 'Yes' : 'No'
}

Instead of a computed property, we can define the same function as a method. For the end result, the two approaches are indeed exactly the same. However, the difference is that computed properties are cached based on their reactive dependencies. A computed property will only re-evaluate when some of its reactive dependencies have changed. This means as long as author.books has not changed, multiple access to publishedBooksMessage will immediately return the previously computed result without having to run the getter function again.

若我们将同样的函数定义为一个方法而不是计算属性，两种方式在结果上确实是完全相同的，然而，不同之处在于计算属性值会基于其响应式依赖被缓存。一个计算属性仅会在其响应式依赖更新时才重新计算。这意味着只要 author.books 不改变，无论多少次访问 publishedBooksMessage 都会立即返回先前的计算结果，而不用重复执行 getter 函数。

This also means the following computed property will never update, because Date.now() is not a reactive dependency:

这也解释了为什么下面的计算属性永远不会更新，因为 Date.now() 并不是一个响应式依赖：

computed: {
  now() {
    return Date.now()
  }
}

const now = computed(() => Date.now())

In comparison, a method invocation will always run the function whenever a re-render happens.

相比之下，方法调用总是会在重渲染发生时再次执行函数。

Why do we need caching? Imagine we have an expensive computed property list, which requires looping through a huge array and doing a lot of computations. Then we may have other computed properties that in turn depend on list. Without caching, we would be executing list’s getter many more times than necessary! In cases where you do not want caching, use a method call instead.

为什么需要缓存呢？想象一下我们有一个非常耗性能的计算属性 list，需要循环一个巨大的数组并做许多计算逻辑，并且可能也有其他计算属性依赖于 list。没有缓存的话，我们会重复执行非常多次 list 的 getter，然而这实际上没有必要！如果你确定不需要缓存，那么也可以使用方法调用。

可写计算属性 | Writable Computed ​

Computed properties are by default getter-only. If you attempt to assign a new value to a computed property, you will receive a runtime warning. In the rare cases where you need a "writable" computed property, you can create one by providing both a getter and a setter:

计算属性默认是只读的。当你尝试修改一个计算属性时，你会收到一个运行时警告。只在某些特殊场景中你可能才需要用到“可写”的属性，你可以通过同时提供 getter 和 setter 来创建：

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      firstName: 'John',
      lastName: 'Doe'
    }
  },
  computed: {
    fullName: {
      // getter
      get() {
        return this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName
      },
      // setter
      set(newValue) {
        // Note: we are using destructuring assignment syntax here.
        // 注意：我们这里使用的是解构赋值语法
        [this.firstName, this.lastName] = newValue.split(' ')
      }
    }
  }
}

<script setup>
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'

const firstName = ref('John')
const lastName = ref('Doe')

const fullName = computed({
  // getter
  get() {
    return firstName.value + ' ' + lastName.value
  },
  // setter
  set(newValue) {
    // Note: we are using destructuring assignment syntax here.
    // 注意：我们这里使用的是解构赋值语法
    [firstName.value, lastName.value] = newValue.split(' ')
  }
})
</script>

最佳实践 | Best Practices ​

Getter 不应有副作用 | Getters should be side-effect free ​

It is important to remember that computed getter functions should only perform pure computation and be free of side effects. For example, don't mutate other state, make async requests, or mutate the DOM inside a computed getter! Think of a computed property as declaratively describing how to derive a value based on other values - its only responsibility should be computing and returning that value. Later in the guide we will discuss how we can perform side effects in reaction to state changes with watchers.

计算属性的 getter 应只做计算而没有任何其他的副作用，这一点非常重要，请务必牢记。举例来说，不要改变其他状态、在 getter 中做异步请求或者更改 DOM！一个计算属性的声明中描述的是如何根据其他值派生一个值。因此 getter 的职责应该仅为计算和返回该值。在之后的指引中我们会讨论如何使用侦听器根据其他响应式状态的变更来创建副作用。

避免直接修改计算属性值 | Avoid mutating computed value ​

The returned value from a computed property is derived state. Think of it as a temporary snapshot - every time the source state changes, a new snapshot is created. It does not make sense to mutate a snapshot, so a computed return value should be treated as read-only and never be mutated - instead, update the source state it depends on to trigger new computations.

从计算属性返回的值是派生状态。可以把它看作是一个“临时快照”，每当源状态发生变化时，就会创建一个新的快照。更改快照是没有意义的，因此计算属性的返回值应该被视为只读的，并且永远不应该被更改——应该更新它所依赖的源状态以触发新的计算。